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Frisian Crusaders - Fierce Fighters Without Lords

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From the First Crusade onwards, men from Frisia, the North Sea coast between the Zuiderzee and the Weser, took the cross. French chroniclers...

Christmas and the medieval Templars

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Did the medieval Templars celebrate Christmas and if so, how? 

Medieval Islamic Coins Found at Cluny Abbey, France

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In September 2017 archaeologists digging at the abbey of Cluny in Burgundy found a hidden purse: more than 2,200 silver coins of the abbey’s...

The early years of Godefroy de Bouillon - on the job training for the First Crusade

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Godefroy de Bouillon, also known as Godfrey of Bouillon, led an army on the First Crusade and became the first Latin ruler of Jerusalem in 1...
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Forests to Farmland - Drivers of the Age of Clearance in Medieval Europe

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Between about 1050 and 1150 forests, heaths and marshes across western Europe gave way to fields, villages and monastic estates, the period ...

Abbot Bernard de Clairvaux - Asceticism, Ailment and Growth

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In 1112, after living the first 22 years of his life as a member of Burgundian nobility , Bernard de la Fontaine (1090/1091 - 1153) entered ...

Muhammad's Covenants and Medieval Holy Land Pluralism (1050-1300)

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Several documents claim to be covenants of the Prophet Muhammad protecting Christian communities, among them the famous letter kept at Saint...

Penance, Fear, and Redemption - The Religious Climate That Birthed the First Crusade

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When Pope Urbain II preached the crusade at Clermont in November 1095, he spoke to knights who feared for their souls. Historians have long ...

Sacred Space in Pattern and Paint: Templar Art at Montsaunès and elsewhere

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The murals of Montsaunès do not tell sweeping crusade epics but transform the chapel through painted ashlar, rectangular panels filled with ...