Bernard's conversion - a family matter of spiritual and material importance

When the young squire Bernard de Fontaine, the later Cistercian abbot Bernard de Clairvaux, entered monastic life at Citeaux, he was not alone. At the time and later all members of his knightly family from the Duchy of Burgundy, rather than pursuing dynastic or political ambitions, embraced monastic life. Their story illustrates the importance of lay monks (monachi laici), men who entered religious communities as adults without clerical education or fluency in Latin, yet went on to hold positions of influence in monastic estates.

The Fall of Ruad (Arwad) Island on 29 September 1302: The Last Templar Bridgehead Lost

By 1302 the Crusader enterprise in the Levant had reached its terminal phase. The Fall of Ruad (Arwad) on 29 September 1302 represented not only a military defeat, but also a symbolic and institutional turning point, particularly for the Knights Templar. The struggle over Ruad, an islet about 3 km off the Syrian coast near Tortosa, offers a concentrated case study of late Crusader strategy, the limitations of cross-cultural alliances (notably with the Mongols), and the final role of the military orders. 

Crusading Before the Crusades - Rewriting Medieval History

For over a century, historians have pointed to Pope Urban II's dramatic call at Clermont in 1095 as the moment when crusading was born, complete with its revolutionary system of spiritual rewards for holy warfare. What if the Crusades didn't begin with the First Crusade?

From Novice to Abbot: Bernard of Clairvaux’s Formative Years at Cîteaux

Bernard of Clairvaux underwent his formative monastic training at Cîteaux under Abbot Stephen Harding between 1112 (the year of him entering Cîteaux) and 1115 (the year he was sent to lead the founding of a monastery at Clairvaux). These years, as well as his youth, provide a critical lens for understanding Bernard’s later role as abbot of Clairvaux and his influence on the expansion of the Cistercian Order.

Noble Seals: Cistercian and Templar Devotion Through Heraldic Imagery

Medieval nobility in southern France adopted religious symbolism in their personal seals. How did two prominent families, who embraced different spiritual paths during the twelfth century's second half, testified on this in their seals?

The Monastic Legacy of La Brenne: How Medieval Monks Created France's Lake District

In the heart of central France lies one of Europe's most remarkable landscapes - a mosaic of over 2,500 shimmering ponds and lakes scattered across the rolling countryside of the Indre département. This is the Parc Naturel Régional de la Brenne, often called "the land of a thousand ponds." What makes this landscape truly extraordinary is its origin story - a tale of medieval ingenuity, monastic enterprise, and the profound transformation of an entire region through human determination and divine purpose.

Medieval monasteries in the Netherlands

"The historical development of monastic life in the present-day Netherlands made a late start in comparison with the surrounding countries, though ‘foreign’ abbeys from an early moment possessed immovable goods in the Netherlands, which often were organised in manors (‘courts’). However, the number of monasteries which actually settled in the Netherlands before 1100 was very modest. What are the facts?

Sacred Power: The Relics of the Knights Templar Chapel in Acre

In the heart of the Crusader stronghold of Acre, the Knights Templar established more than just a military base. They also founded the Knights Templar Chapel where they gathered a collection of relics. How did they use this remarkable collection to shape religious experience, assert political influence, and attract pilgrims from across the Christian world?

A possible Templar site at Westervelde near Norg, the Netherlands

In the hamlet of Westervelde, southwest of Norg, Drenthe, the Netherlands, there are many toponyms that contain the term "Tempel". Is there a link with the medieval Knights Templar?