The administrative and legal development of medieval Papal supremacy
The 12th and 13th centuries were marked by
the expansion of papal authority, alongside the development of papal
administrative prowess. The most notable expression of this was the
development of the concept of papal supremacy, which held that the pope
had authority over all Christians, including secular rulers.
Environmental problems in the Medieval world
There is a common misconception that the medieval period (8th–15th centuries) was stagnant in terms of technological and environmental development. Contrary to this medieval societies, both in the West and the East, faced significant ecological challenges, including deforestation, air and water pollution, and resource depletion resulting from population growth, that in turn followed climatic warming.
The Templar site at Averlo, the Netherlands
In Averlo, on the road that runs west of the Overijssels Kanaal, lies the farm “ De Tempel”. It is a T-farm, which in its current form probably dates from the eighteenth century. It is a listed building. The residents are sometimes called “ Tempelman ”, although their actual name is different. Incidentally, the family name “Tempelman” is common in the wider area. Is there a Templar connection?
The Nablus Council, January 1120 - secular recognition of the Templar Order
On January 16, 1120 the Council of Nablus was held in the
crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. This council of ecclesiastic and secular lords of the Kingdom was convened by Warmund,
Patriarch of Jerusalem, and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. The council established twenty-five canons (decrees) dealing with both
religious and secular affairs. As such it provided the first written
laws for the kingdom. Therefore the Council can be considered both a parliament
and an ecclesiastical synod. What did the (proto-)Templars have to do with this?
The Profound Transformation of Templar Knights
Profound changes occurred when lay knights became members of the religious-military order of the Knights Templar. What were the key aspects of these internal and external transformations?
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